All keyboard Shortcuts Windows Shortcuts

Shift + F10 right-clicks. 
Win + L (XP Only): Locks keyboard. Similar to Lock Workstation. 
Win + F or F3: Open Find dialog. (All Files) F3 may not work in some applications which use F3 for their own find dialogs. 
Win + Control + F: Open Find dialog. (Computers) 
Win + U: Open Utility Manager. 
Win + F1: Open Windows help. 
Win + Pause: Open System Properties dialog. 
Win + Tab: Cycle through taskbar buttons. Enter clicks, AppsKey or Shift + F10 right-clicks. 
Win + Shift + Tab: Cycle through taskbar buttons in reverse. 
Alt + Tab: Display Cool Switch. More commonly known as the AltTab dialog. 
Alt + Shift + Tab: Display Cool Switch; go in reverse. 
Alt + Escape: Send active window to the bottom of the z-order. 
Alt + Shift + Escape: Activate the window at the bottom of the z-order. 
Alt + F4: Close active window; or, if all windows are closed, open shutdown dialog. 
Shift while a CD is loading: Bypass AutoPlay. 
Shift while login: Bypass startup folder. Only those applications will be ignored which are in the startup folder, not those started from the registry (Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\) 
Ctrl + Alt + Delete or Ctrl + Alt + NumpadDel (Both NumLock states): Invoke the Task Manager or NT Security dialog. 
Ctrl + Shift + Escape (2000/XP ) or (Ctrl + Alt + NumpadDot) : Invoke the task manager. On earlier OSes, acts like Ctrl + Escape. 
Print screen: Copy screenshot of current screen to clipboard. 
Alt + Print screen: Copy screenshot of current active window to clipboard. 
Ctrl + Alt + Down Arrow: Invert screen. Untested on OS's other than XP. 
Ctrl + Alt + Up Arrow: Undo inversion. 
Win + B : Move focus to systray icons.
  
General

Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert: Copy. 
Ctrl + X or Shift + Delete: Cut. 
Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert: Paste/Move. 
Ctrl + N: New... File, Tab, Entry, etc. 
Ctrl + S: Save. 
Ctrl + O: Open... 
Ctrl + P: Print. 
Ctrl + Z: Undo. 
Ctrl + A: Select all. 
Ctrl + F: Find... 
Ctrl+W : to close the current window 
Ctrl + F4: Close tab or child window. 
F1: Open help. 
F11: Toggle full screen mode. 
Alt or F10: Activate menu bar. 
Alt + Space: Display system menu. Same as clicking the icon on the titlebar. 
Escape: Remove focus from current control/menu, or close dialog box. 

General Navigation 

Tab: Forward one item. 
Shift + Tab: Backward one item. 
Ctrl + Tab: Cycle through tabs/child windows. 
Ctrl + Shift + Tab: Cycle backwards through tabs/child windows. 
Enter: If a button's selected, click it, otherwise, click default button. 
Space: Toggle items such as radio buttons or checkboxes. 
Alt + (Letter): Activate item corresponding to (Letter). (Letter) is the underlined letter on the item's name. 
Ctrl + Left: Move cursor to the beginning of previous word. 
Ctrl + Right: Move cursor to the beginning of next word. 
Ctrl + Up: Move cursor to beginning of previous paragraph. This and all subsequent Up/Down hotkeys in this section have only been known to work in Rich Edit controls. 
Ctrl + Down: Move cursor to beginning of next paragraph. 
Shift + Left: Highlight one character to the left. 
Shift + Right: Highlight one character to the right. 
Shift + Up: Highlight from current cursor position, to one line up. 
Shift + Down: Highlight from current cursor position, to one line down. 
Ctrl + Shift + Left: Highlight to beginning of previous word. 
Ctrl + Shift + Right: Highlight to beginning of next word. 
Ctrl + Shift + Up: Highlight to beginning of previous paragraph. 
Ctrl + Shift + Down: Highlight to beginning of next paragraph. 
Home: Move cursor to top of a scrollable control. 
End: Move cursor to bottom of a scrollable control. 

File Browser 
Arrow Keys: Navigate. 
Shift + Arrow Keys: Select multiple items. 
Ctrl + Arrow Keys: Change focus without changing selection. "Focus" is the object that will run on Enter. Space toggles selection of the focused item. 
(Letter): Select first found item that begins with (Letter). 
BackSpace: Go up one level to the parent directory. 
Alt + Left: Go back one folder. 
Alt + Right: Go forward one folder. 
Enter: Activate (Double-click) selected item(s). 
Alt + Enter: View properties for selected item. 
F2: Rename selected item(s). 
Ctrl + NumpadPlus: In a Details view, resizes all columns to fit the longest item in each one. 
Delete: Delete selected item(s). 
Shift + Delete: Delete selected item(s); bypass Recycle Bin. 
Ctrl while dragging item(s): Copy. 
Ctrl + Shift while dragging item(s): Create shortcut(s). 
In tree pane, if any: 
Left: Collapse the current selection if expanded, or select the parent folder. 
Right: Expand the current selection if collapsed, or select the first subfolder. 
Numpad Asterisk: Expand currently selected directory and all subdirectories. No undo. 
Numpad Plus: Expand currently selected directory. 
Numpad Minus: Collapse currently selected directory. 

Accessibility 
Right Shift for eight seconds: Toggle FilterKeys on and off. FilterKeys must be enabled. 
Left Alt + Left Shift + PrintScreen: Toggle High Contrast on and off. High Contrast must be enabled. 
Left Alt + Left Shift + NumLock: Toggle MouseKeys on and off. MouseKeys must be enabled. 
NumLock for five seconds: Toggle ToggleKeys on and off. ToggleKeys must be enabled. 
Shift five times: Toggle StickyKeys on and off. StickyKeys must be enabled. 
6.) Microsoft Natural Keyboard with IntelliType Software Installed 
Win + L: Log off Windows. 
Win + P: Open Print Manager. 
Win + C: Open control panel. 
Win + V: Open clipboard. 
Win + K: Open keyboard properties. 
Win + I: Open mouse properties. 
Win + A: Open Accessibility properties. 
Win + Space: Displays the list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys. 
Win + S: Toggle CapsLock on and off.

Easy Steps To Show Your Hidden Files After Virus Attack

There are certain viruses which prevent us from viewing the hidden files and folders. If you enable “Show hidden files and folders” option from folder option it doesn’t show hidden files and reverts back to “Do not show hidden files and folders”. If you desperately try command prompt to enable hidden files then it takes long time because you cannot unhide all files at once and vice versa. To enable show hidden files option please follow simple steps.

Instructions:

- Click on Start button

- Click Run

- Type “regedit” without quotes in the box and press Enter.

-It should open “Registry Editor”, now do following steps:

-Go to the following registry key:

-“HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Advanced\Folder\Hidden\SHOWALL”

You will find tree type navigation on left side pane, click on the + sign on text mention on above path means first click on + sign of “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE” then on “SOFTWARE” then on “Microsoft” and so on until you find values provided in below screen shot.

You only need to change or check two registry keys.

- “CheckedValue” value should be 1.

-“DefaultValue” value should be 2.

Don’t close “Registry Editor” now, go to folder option and try to unhide files and folders. It should work now and you can close registry editor.

Steps To Share Internet Connection On Local Area Network?

If you have a fully functional LAN then net sharing is few click away, yes few clicks. I assumed that you have already a broadband connection and account configured on your PC. Just go to “My Network Places” properties, and then select your broadband connection. Now right click on it and select properties. Now broadband properties dialog box should be appear. Here select “Advanced” tab.

Broadband Connection properties selection.

Now check “Allow other network users to connect through this computer" internet connection” and uncheck below two options. Now press “OK” button. This will give you a message stating that IP address of present working PC will be set to “192.168.0.1”, click OK. If you assigned this address to any other computer then change it to something else otherwise it will give IP address conflict error.

Broadband Connection properties.

Now a hand like icon should appear below the broadband connection, indicating that it has been shared.

Broadband Connection after sucessful sharing.

Go to other PC, select “My Network Places” properties, and then select your LAN connection. Now right click on it and select properties. Now LAN properties dialog box should be appear. Here select “Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)” as did during IP address assignment. Now click properties button,” Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) properties” dialog should appear. Here you need to give the “Default Gateway” and “DNS Server” IP as shown in the image. Repeat this step on other PCs too.

Default gateway & DNS server IP assigning.

Connect the internet on server PC where internet connection is physically attached, then try to access internet on other PC. If you see the positive results then Congrats! Else;

Check LAN connection. If you can access Shared Folders then follow next step else you need to check internet sharing from beginning.

You need to check your internet connection again. Try this, press window key + R, now type this without quotes “ping www.google.com -t”. If you get reply as given in below image then net sharing is OK your internet browser corrupted or internet browser setting changed to use proxy address. Please off all proxy address. Now you should able to browse.

First Computers

The History of Computers 1939 - Present

The History of Computers and the Internet

Internet History

"In the Beginning, ARPA created the ARPANET. And the ARPANET was without form and void. And darkness was upon the deep. And the spirit of ARPA moved upon the face of the network and ARPA said, 'Let there be a protocol,' and there was a protocol. And ARPA saw that it was good. And ARPA said, 'Let there be more protocols,' and it was so. And ARPA saw that it was good. And ARPA said, 'Let there be more networks,' and it was so." -- Danny Cohen

This Internet Timeline begins in 1962, before the word ‘Internet’ is invented. The world’s 10,000 computers are primitive, although they cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. They have only a few thousand words of magnetic core memory, and programming them is far from easy. Domestically, data communication over the phone lines is an AT&T monopoly. The ‘Picturephone’ of 1939, shown again at the New York World’s Fair in 1964, is still AT&T’s answer to the future of worldwide communications. But the four-year old Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense, a future-oriented funder of ‘high-risk, high-gain’ research, lays the groundwork for what becomes the ARPANET and, much later, the Internet. By 1992, when this timeline ends, the Internet has one million hosts the ARPANET has ceased to exist computers are nine orders of magnitude faster network bandwidth is twenty million times greater.

1962

TX-2 at MIT SAGE consoles

At MIT, a wide variety of computer experiments are going on. Ivan Sutherland uses the TX-2 to write Sketchpad, the origin of graphical programs for computer-aided design. J.C.R. Licklider writes memos about his Intergalactic Network concept, where everyone on the globe is interconnected and can access programs and data at any site from anywhere. He is talking to his own ‘Intergalactic Network’ of researchers across the country. In October, ‘Lick’ becomes the first head of the computer research program at ARPA, which he calls the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO). Leonard Kleinrock completes his doctoral dissertation at MIT on queuing theory in communication networks, and becomes an assistant professor at UCLA. The SAGE (Semi Automatic Ground Environment), based on earlier work at MIT and IBM, is fully deployed as the North American early warning system. Operators of ‘weapons directing consoles’ use a light gun to identify moving objects that show up on their radar screens. SAGE sites are used to direct air defense. This project provides experience in the development of the SABRE air travel reservation system and later air traffic control systems.

1963

SYNCOM Satellite in production Part of the ASCII alphabet

Licklider starts to talk with Larry Roberts of Lincoln Labs, director of the TX-2 project, Ivan Sutherland, a computer graphics expert whom he has hired to work at ARPA and Bob Taylor, who joins ARPA in 1965. Lick contracts with MIT, UCLA, and BBN to start work on his vision. Syncom, the first synchronous communication satellite, is launched. NASA’s satellite is assembled in the Hughes Aircraft Company’s facility in Culver City, California. Total payload is 55 pounds. A joint industry-government committee develops ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), the first universal standard for computers. It permits machines from different manufacturers to exchange data. 128 unique 7-bit strings stand for either a letter of the English alphabet, one of the Arabic numerals, one of an assortment of punctuation marks and symbols, or a special function, such as the carriage return.

1964

Baran's paper on secure packet switched networks IBM 360

Simultaneous work on secure packet switching networks is taking place at MIT, the RAND Corporation, and the National Physical Laboratory in Great Britain. Paul Baran, Donald Davies, Leonard Kleinrock, and others proceed in parallel research. Baran is one of the first to publish, On Data Communications Networks. Kleinrock’s thesis is also published as a seminal text on queuing theory. IBM’s new System 360 computers come onto the market and set the de facto worldwide standard of the 8-bit byte, making the 12-bit and 36-bit word machines almost instantly obsolete. The $5 billion investment by IBM into this family of six mutually compatible computers pays off, and within two years orders for the System 360 reach 1,000 per month. On-line transaction processing debuts with IBM’s SABRE air travel reservation system for American Airlines. SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment) links 2,000 terminals in sixty cities via telephone lines. Licklider leaves ARPA to return to MIT, and Ivan Sutherland moves to IPTO. With IPTO funding, MIT’s Project MAC acquires a GE-635 computer and begins the development of the Multics timesharing operating system.

1965

DEC PDP-8 JOSS

DEC unveils the PDP-8, the first commercially successful minicomputer. Small enough to sit on a desktop, it sells for $18,000 — one-fifth the cost of a low-end IBM/360 mainframe. The combination of speed, size, and cost enables the establishment of the minicomputer in thousands of manufacturing plants, offices, and scientific laboratories. With ARPA funding, Larry Roberts and Thomas Marill create the first wide-area network connection. They connect the TX-2 at MIT to the Q-32 in Santa Monica via a dedicated telephone line with acoustic couplers. The system confirms the suspicions of the Intergalactic Network researchers that telephone lines work for data, but are inefficient, wasteful of bandwidth, and expensive. As Kleinrock predicts, packet switching offers the most promising model for communication between computers. Late in the year, Ivan Sutherland hires Bob Taylor from NASA. Taylor pulls together the ideas about networking that are gaining momentum amongst IPTO’s computer-scientist contractors. The ARPA-funded JOSS (Johnniac Open Shop System) at the RAND Corporation goes on line. The JOSS system permits online computational problem solving at a number of remote electric typewriter consoles. The standard IBM Model 868 electric typewriters are modified with a small box with indicator lights and activating switches. The user input appears in green, and JOSS responds with the output in black.

1966

Larry Roberts Donald Davies

Taylor succeeds Sutherland to become the third director of IPTO. In his own office, he has three different terminals, which he can connect by telephone to three different computer systems research sites around the nation. Why can’t they all talk together? His problem is a metaphor for that facing the ARPA computer research community. Taylor meets with Charles Herzfeld, the head of ARPA, to outline his issues. Twenty-minutes later he has a million dollars to spend on networking. The idea is to link all the IPTO contractors. After several months of discussion, Taylor persuades Larry Roberts to leave MIT to start the ARPA network program. Simultaneously, the English inventor of packet switching, Donald Davies, is theorizing at the British National Physical Laboratory (NPL) about building a network of computers to test his packet switching concepts. Honeywell introduces the DDP-516 minicomputer and demonstrates its ruggedness with a sledgehammer. This catches Roberts’ eye.

1967

Paul Baran

Larry Roberts convenes a conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan, to bring the ARPA researchers together. At the conclusion, Wesley Clark suggests that the network be managed by interconnected ‘Interface Message Processors’ in front of the major computers. Called IMPs, they evolve into today’s routers. Roberts puts together his plan for the ARPANET. The separate strands of investigation begin to converge. Donald Davies, Paul Baran, and Larry Roberts become aware of each other’s work at an ACM conference where they all meet. From Davies, the word ‘packet’ is adopted and the proposed line speed in ARPANET is increased from 2.4 Kbps to 50 Kbps. The acoustically coupled modem, invented in the early sixties, is vastly improved by John van Geen of the Stanford Research Institute (SRI). He introduces a receiver that can reliably detect bits of data amid the hiss heard over long-distance telephone connections.

1968

ILLIAC IV

Roberts and the ARPA team refine the overall structure and specifications for the ARPANET. They issue an RFQ for the development of the IMPs. At Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), Frank Heart leads a team to bid on the project. Bob Kahn plays a major role in shaping the overall BBN designs. BBN wins the project in December. Roberts works with Howard Frank and his team at Network Analysis Corporation designing the network topology and economics. Kleinrock’s team prepares the network measurement system at UCLA, which is to become the site of the first node. The ILLIAC IV, the largest supercomputer of its time, is being built at Burroughs under a NASA contract. More than 1,000 transistors are squeezed onto its RAM chip, manufactured by the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, yielding 10 times the speed at one-hundredth the size of equivalent core memory. ILLIAC-IV will be hooked to the ARPANET so that remote scientists can have access to its unique capabilities.

1969

Diagram of the first 2 nodes on the ARPANET 4-node ARPANET diagram A detail of the UCLA IMP log book, showing the successful connection to SRI

Frank Heart puts a team together to write the software that will run the IMPs and to specify changes in the Honeywell DDP- 516 they have chosen. The team includes Ben Barker, Bernie Cosell, Will Crowther, Bob Kahn, Severo Ornstein, and Dave Walden. Four sites are selected. At each, a team gets to work on producing the software to enable its computers and the IMP to communicate. At UCLA, the first site, Vint Cerf, Steve Crocker, and Jon Postel work with Kleinrock to get ready. On April 7, Crocker sends around a memo entitled ‘Request for Comments.’ This is the first of thousands of RFCs that document the design of the ARPANET and the Internet. The team calls itself the Network Working Group (RFC 10), and comes to see its job as the development of a ‘protocol,’ the collection of programs that comes to be known as NCP (Network Control Protocol). The second site is the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), where Doug Engelbart saw the ARPA experiment as an opportunity to explore wide-area distributed collaboration, using his NLS system, a prototype ‘digital library.’ SRI supported the Network Information Center, led by Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler and Don Nielson. At the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) Glen Culler and Burton Fried investigate methods for display of mathematical functions using storage displays to deal with the problem of screen refresh over the net. Their investigation of computer graphics supplies essential capabilities for the representation of scientific information. After installation in September, handwritten logs from UCLA show the first host-to-host connection, from UCLA to SRI, is made on October 29, 1969. The first ‘Log-In’ crashes the IMPs, but the next one works!

How to speed up the Help dialog in Office 2007 and 2010?

When we are in a hurry we don’t like the fact that Office Help takes long to connect to the web and then help us out. Slow internet connection annoys us as the Help Dialog in Microsoft Office tries to download new content as we open it. The feature of online help is there to benefit us from the latest help files. However, most of the times we want to get things done fast without having to wait for it. By default, the Help Dialog is set to online help. In order to overcome this problem and speed up the Help Dialog in Office 2007 and 2010 we can change its settings. There is a simple trick to speed up the Help Dialog in Office 2007 and 2010. Follow these easy steps to speed up the Help Dialog in Office 2007 and 2010:

1. Press the F1 key to open the Word Help dialog box.

2. Click on the “Connected to Office.com” button if you are using Word 2010 or the “Connected to Office Online” button if you are using Word 2007.

3. Click on “Show content only from this computer” from the menu.

By following this method you will speed up the Help Dialog in all the applications of Office 2007 and 2010 by automatically altering the settings.